Kinship Competition and Cooperative Breeding

下面Essay学霸教员组为大家整理一篇 的代写范文- Kinship Competition and Cooperative Breeding，供大家参考学习。这篇文章讲述的是尽管传统上认为应在整个村庄的共同努力下抚养孩子，但非洲村庄婴儿存活率的真实情况在很大程度上取决于照顾他们的母亲。而且，为了生活在一个由核心家庭组成的社会中，亲属关系并不总是像汉密尔顿规则所解释的那样，对儿童的抚养起积极作用，在汉密尔顿的规则中，亲属关系被说明为资源投资的标准。

 Kinship Competition and Cooperative Breeding

Even though it is a traditional belief that children should be raised up with the cooperative effort of the whole village, the true situation of the survival rate of the babies in the African village depends largely on their mother who takes care of them. What’s more, to live in a society built up by nuclear families, the kinship doesn’t always play a positive role in the child upbringing in the way the Hamilton’s rule interprets, in which it is illustrated as the criteria of investment of resources—the degree of genetic kinship we share with others decides the degree we are willing to invest in them. To the contrary, the research of the cooperative offspring upbringing in the Western African shows that the competition of resources may contribute to some negative influence on the survival of children, especially when the kid’s grandmother id living together. Moreover, the competition aroused by kinship and resources begins even before birth and lasts for a life long time. The cooperative work to take care of a child is very difficult to conduct due to the very conflict that lies on the limited resources and the comparatively huge number of kids a women can give birth to in her lifetime in a family or a village.People just do not need to use the effort of the whole village to raise up a kid, neither is any village capable to do that.

And when it comes to the modern society of the United States, I personally regard the cooperative method as a practical and common way to raise children. In order to manifest that point, I may speak from the aspect of the resources and the family kinship in the American society. Firstly, resources as food, water and clothes are no more scare in the big cities of America, unlike the comparatively primitive village that lack industry and manufactory, the necessarily of raising a child is much easier to get access to. And thanks to the benefit-oriented mechanism and social security system that facilitate the population and family planning work, parents without enough money(by which I mean resources) may get help from governments, which is a solution to the lack of resources. But still, among all the resources, Americans commonly lack the resource of time. Some parents have to work all day long and there is no time for child caring. Thus, they may send their kid to grandparents, who happen to retired and feel boring at home. Even when they send their kids to their siblings that might be competitive, the necessities can also be guaranteed. In this way, as the only resource that matters is time, it is much easier for parents to conduct cooperative work to take care of children. Secondly, the kinship of Americans is much more different. Before the manifesting, I ave to confess that the death rate of the baby in the US is definitely lower what is mentioned in Swan’s essay, which means it is less difficult to raise a child in US. However, it inevitably takes time, money, and energy. Parents of today’s America do not seek for protection at an old age, but they generate for the society. What’s more, most of the people are framed inside of the schedule of the civilized society—they go to school at a certain age, are only allowed to work at a certain age and retire at a certain time. And the member of one nuclear family is more likely to be in respectively different period of timing, for example, one’s at working, and his parents are retired or about to retire while his kid are at school age or younger than that. Thus, the resource of time is allocated in different hierarchies. Which is to say, their time plan fits the requirements of cooperative work, they should use the advantage of such construct, such kinship is not against Hamilton’s rule and t is the most efficient way to raise a kid. Some cooperative work is very common, as it developed many mechanism such as kindergarten and children care centre, though it charge for money, but such methods are safe and equal.

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